HTML is a markup language, not a scripting or programming language. The most recent version, Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML), is a reformulation and replacement of HTML that conforms to Extensible Markup language (XML) rules. The world wide consortium (W3C) control changes and addition to HTML.

               Markup Tags, attributes, and values are used to create the formatting behind web pages. Tags specify how the browser will display text and other media. The opening and closing tags together are often called containers. Attributes modify tags and values determine the results of the modification. Combined, these items tags, attributes, and values) are considered an element.

               To view or hear multimedia elements or your web page, users may need a helper application, a plug-in, or a player. The plug-ins page attributes makes it possible for the web page designer to accommodate users by making it easy for them to download and install the appropriate plug-in or player.

               Conversion tools translate existing document formats into web pages. Conversion tools offer convience and savings in time. The biggest disadvantages to using these programs are that the formatting of the document may be altered and extraneous code may be included in your web pages. Most application now include conversion tools. All of the Microsoft office applications, such as world, excel, and power point, are web-ready and allow you to convert existing formats to XHTML.

               Web page editors allow you to create and design web pages using menus and buttons that represent XHTML tags.  XHTML editors let you build great web sites in less time while maintaining pure XHTML code. You must understand XHTML to make use of webpage editors. Although there are many different editors on th market, HomeSite and BBEdit are two of the most popular.

               Web page authoring programs use a graphical interface instead of forcing you to type or even choose XHTML markup tags and attributes from menus. Most now include the ability to edit the source code from within the program, which provides the flexibility of a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) environment with the control of writing pure XHTML code.

               There are a number of programs available for web page web site creation, editing, and management. Some of the more wellknown programs include adobe golive, macromedia dreamweaver, and Microsoft frontpage. The macromedia suite of integrated web development products includes dreamwever, flash, and fireworks. Used together these tools allow creation of web sites that include compelling graphics, animations, and interactivity. Using roundtrip XHTML and XHTML editing, dreamwever lets you visually design your website without completey sacrifing control over the source code. Dreamweaver also supports database fungtionality and integration with coldfusion, macromedia’s databases management system.

            In order for the internet community to access your website you must upload all of your files to a web server. Your web-hosting company will need to supply you with a host address, username, and password. The process by which files are transferred to the web server is called file transfer protocol (FTP). FTP can be accomplished using FTP software. In addition, some authoring programs and browsers include built-in FTP capabilities

Digitizing is the process of converting image into a format that the computer can recognize and manipulate. Scanners and slide scanners digitize already developed photographs, drawings, and slides. Digital cameras and digital video cameras capture still images and frames of video in a digital format.

Service providers can process your film and save the images in digital format to a Photo CD. Commercial image providers or stock photography houses provide access to stock to stock photography. Like stock photography, clip art, collections of drawings, and illustrations, are also available for a fee or free if they are within the public domain. You can also use software together with a stylus and a digitizing tablet or graphics tablet to create your own original artwork.

When you include graphics and other multimedia elements on your web pages, it is important to understand copyright law. The 1976 Federal copyright Act and the Digital Millennium

Copyright Act of 1998 clarify copyright law. If your use of the piece does not fall under the exclusions of fair use or the piece is not clearly in the public domain, always get permission from the artist, publisher, or owner of the piece.

Drawings and line art consist of flat colors while continuous-tone image offer tonal variations in either grayscale or color. Images can be either two-dimensional or three-dimensional and all graphics can serve as hyper graphics. Image maps are hyper graphics that consist of a single graphic with multiple hotspots.

Image quality is determined by an image’s color and image resolution. The colors that make up the image are referenced to a palette. The fixed palette shared by most browsers contains 216 common colors and is called the Web-safe or browser-safe color palette. If you use this palette you do not have to worry about banding or dithering when your image is displayed on the user’s computer. Image resolution is the amount of information stored for each image or the number of pixels making up the image. Compression is an algorithm used to create smaller file sizes. There are two types of compression, lossless and lossy.

Programs used to create or modify two-dimensional and three-dimensional images are called graphics programs and include drawing, paint, and image editing programs. Paint programs are used to create bitmapped graphics, which consist of pixels mapped to a bitmap. Drawing programs are used to create vector graphics. Both of these programs make extensive use of tool palettes. Bitmapped graphics are also called raster graphics, and the process of converting a vector graphic to a raster graphic is called rasterizing. Image editing  programs allow you to manipulate images using a variety of features that combine painting, editing, and other image composition tools. Image can be cropped. Color, brightness, and contrast can be adjusted. Filters and layers can be applied to create special effects.

Programs that allow you to create or modify three-dimensional images are called 3-D modeling programs.3-D modeling programs are used to create and manipulate 3-D images. Textures are applied to wire frame models. This process is called shading. After the objects have been arranged and after lighting and a perspective have been set, the scene must be rendered.

Web graphic images may be stored in several different file formats. The Graphic Interchange format (GIF) format supports 256 colors, transparency, and interlacing. The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format uses lossy compression and supports millions of colors. Progressive JPEGs are also an option. The Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format supports both 8-bit and 32-bit color. It also offers variable transparency and interlacing as well as gamma correction capabilities, which helps to eliminate some of the color discrepancy that often occurs from one operating system to the next as a result of different gamma settings.

When snapping pictures :

• Photography people from many different angles and in many different poses so you can choose from a number of different images or create sequences.

• Shoot people in indirect light.

• Shoot in the morning or evening when the light is filtered through the clouds, as midday light creates too many contrasts.

• Use a variety of angles and perspectives to record details and panoramas.

• Shoot objects both indoors and outdoors, from a variety of angles, and play with the light and color to get the effect you want to create.

When obtaining digital images :

• Make sure the file is in  a format that is web ready.

• Make sure the size and resolution are appropriate for your web page.

In summary, the only time you can alter or manipulate artwork is if a :

§         You receive permission from the original artist, publisher, or owner of the piece.

§         You create the piece yourself

§         The creative work is clearly public domain.

§         The creative work is being used strictly for instructional purposes or falls

Within the restriction of fair use

Most images can be optimized if you do the following :

•  
  •  
    • Reduce the color resolution ( number of color ) to the minimum

      necessary  for the image

•  
  •  
    • reduce the image resolution to no more than 72 ppi (pixels per inch)

•  
  •  
    • choose and apply the image size (in pixels) that you will need for

      your final web page

•  
  •  
    • crop to the smallest area possible.

In summary, the advantages of the GIF format include the following :

§         All web browsers support the GIF file format without plug-in

§         Image that consist primarily of solid color look best and are smallest when saved in the GIF file format

§         GIF supports interlacing, transparency, and animation

In summary, the advantages of the JPEG format include the following :

·        All web browsers support the JPEG file format without plug-in

·        Photographs and continuous –tone images look best and are

      generally smallest when saved in the JPEG file format

·        Huge lossy compression ratios are possible

·        JPEG supports millions of colors (24-bit)

·        Progressive JPEGs are available

In summary, the advantages of the PNG format include the following :

·        PNG supports a number of different color depths

·        PNG uses compression to obtain small file sizes.

·        PNG supports variable transparency and interlacing.

·        PNG contains the capacity to correct for differences in gamma setting

Animation is a scries of graphic images displayed fast enough to trick our eyes into believing there is movement. Today, creating animation involves sophisticated computer programs and technology. Animation is often a better choice than video in education and training because it can be used extensively on web sites that are focused on entertainment and games as well as in advertising and e-commerce.

An animation specialist can use different methods to create animation for the web. Most of these methods are based on the flipbook approach where by a sequence of slightly different visual images is compressed and then played back to convey a sense of motion. There are two rates used to measure animation : the sampling rate and the playback rate. When the illusion of motion fails and the animation appears as a rapid sequence of still images instead of a fluid object in motion, the image is said to flicker.

Frame-based animation is also called cell animation because cells were once used by tweeners for drawing images. In creating animation for the web, key frames identify key events in the timeline. Tweening is used to fill in the frames between the key frames. Morphing, or shape tweening, is a special technique that used frames to create the illusion of one object changing into another. Path-based animation, or vector animation, creates animated object by tracking the path that an object travels.Special animation effect including onion skinning, trail effect, film loops, and warping are used to create interesting effect. Virtual reality (VR) is used to describe 3-D scenes on the Web.

Animation tools share common feature including a compiling engine that compiles still images into animated objects. Some also include codecs that allow you to compress the files for the web. Macromedia has taken a leadership role in developing multimedia and animation for the web. Macromedia fireworks combinesboth bitmap and vector-editing tools, used a frame-based environment, includes behaviors, and converts a final series of images to an animated format. Macromedia flash, another animation program, allows you to work with vector and bitmapped graphics. Macromedia flash used a timeline for the development and control of the animation and includes its own scripting language, action script. Media elements in macromedia flash are stored in the library. Web animations created in macromedia flash require the macromedia flash player in order to be viewed.

Adobe is another big player in the development of tools and software for creating web animation. You can use imageready to produce high-quality graphic and animations with the smallest possible file sizes. An animation palette is used to preview and set playback options. There are also high-quality shareware programs available for creating web animation. These programs range in price as well as functionality.

Different animation file formats serve different purpose on the web. One of the simplest file formats is the animated GIF or GIF89a format, which creates small file sizes that are streamed as they are download. The AVI format is native to the windows environment, but can be recognized and played with other programs. The MNG format is an animated extension of the PNG graphics file format. MPEG files are based on group of standards developed by the moving picture experts group. Due to advanced compression technology, these files tend to be small and high quality. Quicjtime (MOV) is Apple’s animation. The SWF file is the Macromedia Flash format.

In the early days of desktop computers , the only sound that you heard from a computer was a beep. The element of sound can be important to achieving the goals of a multimedia website. Sound can be an extremely powerful element on a website. It can be used to get attention, to entertain, to give direction, to personalize an interface, or to convey an educational or persuasive message.

Sound are classified as other content sounds that supply information or ambient sound, such as background music, that set the mood. Vibration created by sound are called sound waves.  The recurring pattern in a sound wave is a  waveform. The amplitude , the distance between the valley and the peak of the waveform, determines the volune of the sound. A decibel (dB) is the smallest variation in amplitude that can be detected by the human ear.

On the web, audio is either downloaded or streamed. Downloaded audio files must be saved entirely to the user’s computer before they can be played. Streaming is more advanced process that allows the sound to be played as it is downloaded.

Producing your own sound files involves planning, recording, processing, assembling, and delivering the sound files. Microphone use an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) tthat translates analog signals into electrical impulses.  To convert the digital back to an analog format, a digital to analog converter (DAC) is used.

There are many different types of digital audio file formats including AAC, AIFF, AU, EA, MIDI, MP3, RA, RAM, RM, SWF, WAF, WMA. Many web based audio formats require a player to be heard by the user. The three most common players-windows media player, RealPlayer, and QuickTime- are free and widely distributed.

Typography denotes the communication of a message using typefaces.Altough good typography is a important on a Web page as it is on paper, print typography and Web typography are entirely different.Unlike the print medium, the Web is an elastic medium and the text must work across different computerplatform, screen sizes, and font sets. Fonts affect readability and visual interest.Fonts usually belong to a font family.

There are many issues that Web designers must understand in their ongoing effort to control type on the Web. Not all users will have the same fonts on their computers so you must specify fonts with caution.Default fonts come pre-installed with the operating system software and, unless the user has deleted one, these fonts should be available to display on a Web page.

There are thousands of fonts on the market today.Fonts are classified in a variety of different ways, such as serif, san serif, or decorative. Serif fonts have short lines at the ends of the strokes of the letter.In the print world, serif fonts are generally used for larger bodies of the text because they are considered more readable, however, some Web designers believe they are actually harder to read on screen. San serif fonts do not have short lines at the ends of the strokes and tend to be considred contemporary and quicker to recognize than serif fonts.

Fonts are also classified as monospaced or propotional.Monospaced fonts are those in which each character takes up the exact same amount of horizontal space.Most computer fonts are propotional, which means that each character takes up a varying amount of horizontal space.

Some of the typical style applied to fonts used in print are unacceptable on the Web.For example, the italic style pixelates on the computer screen and the use of italics should be avoided.Because underlining on a Web page generally indicates a hyperlinks.If you use underlining on text that is not a hyperlink, you will frustrate and confuse your readers.Case is also important on Web pages.The use of all capital letters should be avoided because the shape of words typed in uppercase is not distinct enough to be recognize easily.

Type size is also important.Choosing the proper font size depends on how the font is to be used, that is, as a title, as a body text, and so on.The same size font may look different from one computer monitor to the next.The resolution of the user’s computer monitor as well as the operating system installed on the computer will impact how the font size is rendered on the final Web page.This difference in font rendering can have a major impact on the layout of your Web pages.

Kerning is the term used to specify the amount of space between characters. Leading is the amount of space between lines of text. Controlling the spacing on a web page is challenging if you are using basic HTML, XHTML supports Cascading Style Sheets (CCS), which makes it possible and much easier to control how text looks through the use of the letter-spacing property and the line-height property, both of which permit the use of either absolute or relative  length units. A length unit is used to define the length of an object.

Contrasts between text colors can be used to create emphasis, as well as a hierarchy of importance. In addition, color contributes to the mood of a piece as well as its psychological impact. The use of color should be carefully researched and analyzed before its hexadecimal value is used on a web page. If ciients want corporate colors included on a web site, you many need to help them understand that the colors may not display the same on a web page as they do in print. Gamma settings, computer platform, and monitor calibration will impact how the color appears on screen.

Long lines of text are difficult to read. A viewer’s natural eye span is about 3 inches. To make longer passages of text more readable on a web page use columns with lines that are approximately 50 characters long. Layout and alignment are important typographic considerations. The first thing your reader will notice is the overall patern and contrast of the web page. HTML was not designed for layout, but Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) have made many type design features more palatable, more predictable, and much easier to develop and modify. CSS are a set of type specifications that can be applied to a block of text, a single web page, or an entire web site. There are four different types of CSS including inline, embedded (also called internal), linked (also called external), and imported. Each type has its own benefits depending on your goals, as well as the type of web site you are creating.

Another way to control typography on the web is to convert text to graphics. Because graphic files are much larger than text files, converting entire paragraphs of body copy to a graphic is unreasonable. However, converting logos, headings, and titles to graphics work great. This is one of the best options to use if you really must have a particular font.

The Portable Document Format (PDF) enables users to view a document using a reader that maintains the document’s original layout with all of the proper fonts and graphics included. Because these files are not dependent  on a browser to interpret XHTML, documents displayed in a PDF reader looks as they  were designed to look. PDF files   can handle any font and any layout. They can be viewed from any type of computer, which makes this file format extremely versatile. There are a few pitfalls to it, however. The reader may have to be downloaded and installed for the document to be read. In addition, content within PDF files may not be found by spider-based searchengines using a keyword search. Like many web technologies, PDF files are not designed as a replacement for XHTML but an enhancement to it. When you need  a guarantee that your page will appear as you designed it or you have  a long document that user might be inclined to print, PDF files are a perfect option. PDF files are created using portable document software. Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader are two popular PDF programs.

pertama kali saya mempelajari DW ini memang agak rumit,, namun setelah dipahami dan dicermati baik-baik mata kuliah DW ini sangat menarik..

pengertian DW sendiri memiliki berbagai versi yang pada intinya sama, salah satunya adalah sebuah sistem yang terdiri dari beberapa proses dan database yang digunakan untuk menyediakan “infrastuktur data” Bagi EIS dan DSS.

Data warehouse :
1. Berorientasi Subyek
2. Terintegrasi
3. Time Variant
4. Not Volatile

Tujuan dari data warehouse :
1. Menyediakan akses pada data perusahaan atau oranganisasi.
2. Data didalam sebuah data warehouse bersifat konsisten.
3. Data warehouse adalah tempat dimana data yang telah dipublikasikan
4. Kualitas data didalam data warehouse adalah kritical.

To be continues..